The Land of Enki in the Islamic Era: Pearls, Palms and Religious Identity in Bahrain. This book presents the results of research and fieldwork completed in Bahrain in 2001 that had as its primary aim the investigation of the little understood period between the 6th-13th centuries AD. However this volume provides more than a presentation of primary archaeological data; hence subjects such as the role of trade and commerce in creating the complex history manifest in the Arabian Gulf region are considered, as are religious and other identities, such as ethnicity and gender. The growth and impact of the Carmathians, the evolution of Shi'ah identity, the significance of Indian and African populations are all evaluated using a multi-disciplinary approach drawing upon archaeology, history, and ethnography.